war

Hordhac

Qalabyo go'an oo ka saarista ilkaha xun -xun ayaa loo adeegsadaa hab -dhaqameedka dhallinta iyo dadka waaweynba. Xitaa maanta, nadaafadda afka ee adag iyo tan la xiriirta oo korortay uruurinta huurada iyo haraaga cuntada inta lagu daweynayo qalabka baalasha (multibracket) (MBA) ayaa ka dhigan halis suus oo dheeraad ah1. Horumarinta demineralization, oo sababa isbeddellada cad, dhaldhalaalka ah ee dhaldhalaalka waxaa loo yaqaannaa dhaawacyo cadcad (WSL), inta lagu jiro daaweynta MBA waa waxyeellooyin soo noqnoqda oo aan la rabin waxayna dhici kartaa 4 toddobaad kadib.

Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, feejignaan dheeraad ah ayaa la siiyay si loo shaabadeeyo sagxadaha buccal -ka ah iyo adeegsiga shaabad -ilaaliyayaal gaar ah iyo varnishes -ka fluoride -ka. Alaabooyinkan ayaa la filayaa inay bixiyaan ka-hortagga suuska muddada dheer iyo ka-hortag dheeraad ah oo ka dhan ah walaaca dibadda. Soo -saareyaasha kala duwan waxay ballanqaadaan ilaalin inta u dhexeysa 6 iyo 12 bilood kadib hal codsi. Suugaanta hadda jirta natiijooyin iyo talooyin kala duwan ayaa laga heli karaa oo ku saabsan saamaynta ka -hortagga iyo dheefta dalabka alaabooyinkaas. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa jira bayaanno kala duwan oo ku saabsan iska caabbinta walaaca. Shan alaab oo inta badan la isticmaalo ayaa lagu daray: shaabadaha isku -darka ah ee ku saleysan Pro Seal, Bond Light (labadaba Reliance Orthodontic Products, Itasca, Illinois, USA) iyo Clinpro XT Varnish (3 M Espe AG Dental Products, Seefeld, Germany). Waxa kale oo la baadhay labada fluoride varnishes Fluor Protector (Ivoclar Vivadent GmbH, Ellwangen, Germany) iyo Protecto CaF2 Nano One-Step-Seal (BonaDent GmbH, Frankfurt/Main, Germany). Dareere, iftiin-daaweyn ah, isku-darka nanohybrid radiopaque ayaa loo isticmaalay sidii kooxda xakamaynta togan (Tetric EvoFlow, Ivoclar Vivadent, Ellwangen, Germany).

Shantan shaabadood ee inta badan la adeegsado ayaa lagu baaray vitro xagga iska caabintooda ka dib markii ay la kulmeen cadaadis farsamo, culeys kuleyl iyo soo -gaadhista kiimikada oo sababtay hoos -u -dhigid iyo sidaas darteed WSL.

Mala -awaalka soo socda ayaa la tijaabin doonaa:

Mala -awaal aan dhammaystirnayn: culayska makaanikada, kulaylka iyo kiimikadu ma saamaynayso baakadaha la baaray.

2. Mala -awaal kale: Farsamooyinka, kuleylka iyo walbahaarka kiimikada waxay saameeyaan baakadaha la baaray.

Maaddada iyo habka

192 ilkaha hore ee bovine -ka ayaa lagu isticmaalay daraasaddan faytroolka ah. Ilkaha boholaha ah ayaa laga soo saaray xoolaha la qalayo (kawaanka xoolaha, Alzey, Germany). Shuruudaha xulashada ilkaha bovine waxay ahaayeen suus- oo aan cillad lahayn, dhaldhalaalka vestibular oo aan lahayn midab ilkaha iyo cabbir ku filan taajkii ilkaha4. Kaydintu waxay ku jirtay 0.5% xal chloramine B5, 6. Codsiga ka hor iyo ka dib, sagxadaha siman ee vestibular ee dhammaan ilkaha bovine-ka ayaa sidoo kale lagu nadiifiyey saliid aan lahayn fluoride-ka (Zircate Prophy Paste, Dentsply DeTrey GmbH, Konstanz, Germany), biyo ayaa lagu luqluqay oo hawada lagu qalajiyey5. Biraha birta ah ee ka samaysan birta aan lahayn nikkel-ka ayaa loo isticmaalay daraasadda (Mini-Sprint Brackets, Forestadent, Pforzheim, Germany). Dhammaan qaansooyinka waxay adeegsadeen UnitekEtching Gel, Transbond XT Light Cure Adhesive Primer iyo Transbond XT Light Cure Orthodontic Adhesive (dhammaan 3 M Unitek GmbH, Seefeld, Germany). Codsi ka dib, sagxadaha siman ee vestibular ayaa mar kale lagu nadiifiyey Zircate Prophy Paste si meesha looga saaro wixii hadhaaga ah5. Si loo simo xaaladda caafimaad ee ugu habboon inta lagu jiro nadiifinta farsamada, 2 cm oo dherer ah oo hal archwire ah (Forestalloy buluug, Forestadent, Pforzheim, Germany) ayaa lagu dabaqay qaansada oo leh xarig silig hore loo sameeyay (0.25 mm, Forestadent, Pforzheim, Germany).

Wadar ahaan shan shaabadood ayaa lagu baaray daraasaddan. Xulashada agabka, tixraac ayaa lagu sameeyay sahan hadda jira. Jarmalka gudaheeda, 985 dhakhaatiirta ilkaha ah ayaa la weydiiyay suumanka loo isticmaalo dhaqamadooda ilkaha. Shanta ugu badan ee la xusay kow iyo tobanka agab ayaa la xushay. Dhammaan agabyada si adag ayaa loo adeegsaday iyadoo la raacayo tilmaamaha soo -saaraha. Tetric EvoFlow wuxuu u adeegay sidii kooxda xakamaynta togan.

Iyadoo lagu saleynayo modul-waqti-is-hormariyay si loo simo celceliska culeyska makaanigga, dhammaan shaabadlayaasha waxaa la saaray culeys farsamo oo markii dambe waa la tijaabiyey. Burushka ilkaha ee korontada, Daryeelka Xirfadeed ee Oral-B 1000 (Procter & Gamble GmbH, Schwalbach am Taunus, Germany), ayaa loo isticmaalay daraasaddan si loo simo culeyska farsamada. Jeegga cadaadiska muuqaalka ayaa iftiimiya marka cadaadiska taabashada jidheed (2 N) la dhaafo. Oral-B Precision Clean EB 20 (Procter & Gamble GmbH, Schwalbach am Taunus, Germany) ayaa loo isticmaalay madax caday. Madaxa buraashka ayaa loo cusbooneysiiyay koox kasta oo tijaabo ah (ie6 jeer). Intii lagu jiray daraasadda, isla daawada cadayga (Elmex, GABA GmbH, Lörrach, Germany) ayaa had iyo jeer la isticmaali jiray si loo yareeyo saamaynta ay ku leedahay natiijooyinka7. Tijaabada horudhaca ah, celceliska qiyaasta digirta cadayga ayaa la cabiray oo la xisaabiyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo microbalance (dheelitirka falanqaynta Pioneer, OHAUS, Nänikon, Switzerland) (385 mg). Madaxa buraashka ayaa lagu qooyay biyo la miiray, oo lagu qooyay 385 mg daawada ilkaha celcelis ahaan oo si dadban loo dul saaray dusha ilkaha vestibular. Culeyska farsamada waxaa lagu dabaqay cadaadis joogto ah iyo isweydaarsi hore iyo gadaal oo dhaqdhaqaaq madaxa burushka. Waqtiga soo -gaadhista ayaa la hubiyay tan labaad. Burushka ilkaha ee korontada waxaa mar walba hagayay isla baaraha dhammaan taxanaha imtixaanka. Xakamaynta cadaadiska muuqaalka ayaa loo isticmaalay si loo hubiyo in cadaadiska taabashada jirka (2 N) aan la dhaafin. Ka dib 30 daqiiqo oo la isticmaalay, cadayga ayaa si buuxda dib loogu shubay si loo hubiyo wax qabad joogto ah oo buuxa. Ka dib cadayashada, ilkaha waxaa lagu nadiifiyaa 20 ilbidhiqsi oo biyo yar lagu buufiyo ka dibna lagu qalajiyo hawo8.

Module -ka wakhtiga la isticmaalay wuxuu ku salaysan yahay malaha in celceliska wakhtiga nadiifintu yahay 2 daqiiqo9, 10. Tani waxay u dhigantaa waqtiga nadiifinta 30 ilbiriqsi kasta. Celceliska ilkaha, ilkaha buuxa oo ka kooban 28 ilig, oo ah 7 ilig halkii quadrant, ayaa loo malaynayaa. Ilig kasta waxaa jira 3 dusha ilkaha oo ku habboon cadayga: buccal, occlusal iyo afka. Meelaha ilkaha ee ugu dhow iyo kuwa fog waa in lagu nadiifiyaa xasawda ilkaha ama wax la mid ah laakiin sida caadiga ah lama heli karo cadayga sidaas darteedna waa lagu dayaci karaa halkan. Waqtiga nadiifinta halkii rubuc ee 30 ilbiriqsi, celcelis ahaan waqtiga nadiifinta 4.29 ilko ilig kasta waa la qaadan karaa. Tani waxay u dhigantaa wakhti ah 1.43 ilbidhiqsi kasta oo dusha ilkaha ah. Marka la soo koobo, waxaa loo qaadan karaa in celceliska waqtiga nadiifinta dusha ilkaha marka la marayo nidaamka nadiifinta ay tahay qiyaastii. 1.5 s. Haddii mid tixgeliyo dusha ilkaha vestibular ee lagu daaweeyo shaambad dusha ka siman, culayska nadiifinta maalin kasta ee 3 s celcelis ahaan waxaa loo qaadan karaa laba jeer nadiifinta ilkaha maalin kasta. Tani waxay u dhigantaa 21 s toddobaadkii, 84 s bishii, 504 s lixdii biloodba waana la sii wadi karaa sida la rabo. Daraasaddan soo -gaadhista nadiifinta ka dib 1 maalin, 1 toddobaad, 6 toddobaad, 3 bilood iyo 6 bilood ayaa la mooday oo la baaray.

Si loo simo kala duwanaanshaha heerkulka ee ka dhaca daloolka afka iyo walbahaarka la xiriira, gabowga macmalka ah ayaa lagu shaabadeeyey baaskiil kuleyl. Daraasaddan culeyska baaskiilka kuleylka ah (Circulator DC10, Thermo Haake, Karlsruhe, Germany) inta u dhaxaysa 5 ° C iyo 55 ° C oo ah 5000 wareeg iyo waqtiga bakhtiinta iyo dhibicda 30 ilbiriqsi mid kasta ayaa la fuliyay iyada oo la simay soo -gaadhista iyo gabowga baakadaha nus sano11. Qubaysyada kuleylka ah waxaa ka buuxsamay biyo la miiray. Ka dib markii la gaaray heer -kulka bilowga ah, dhammaan shay -baarka ilkaha ayaa la ruxay 5000 jeer inta u dhaxaysa barkadda qabow iyo barkadda kuleylka. Wakhtiga baabtiisku wuxuu ahaa 30 ilbiriqsi mid kasta, waxaa ku xigay 30 ilbidhiqsi iyo waqtiga wareejinta.

Si loo simo weerarada aashitada maalinlaha ah iyo geeddi -socodka qodista macdanta ee ku dhejisan afka godka, soo -gaadhista isbeddelka pH ayaa la fuliyay. Xalalka la doortay waxay ahaayeen Buskes12, 13xalka marar badan lagu tilmaamay suugaanta. Qiimaha pH ee xalka demineralization waa 5 iyo kan xallinta dib-u-habaynta waa 7. Qaybaha xalalka dib-u-habaynta waa kalsiyum dichloride-2-hydrate (CaCl2-2H2O), fosfateet dihydrogen potassium (KH2PO4), HE-PES (1 M ), potassium hydroxide (1 M) iyo aqua destillata. Qaybaha xalka demineralization waa kalsiyum dichloride -2-hydrate (CaCl2-2H2O), potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4), methylenediphosphoric acid (MHDP), potassium hydroxide (10 M) iyo aqua destillata. 7-maalin pH-baaskiil ayaa la fuliyay5, 14. Dhammaan kooxaha waxaa lagu soo rogay 22-h dib-u-habeyn iyo 2-h demineralization maalin kasta (oo laga beddelo 11 h-1 h-11 h-1 h), oo ku saleysan borotokoollada baaskiilka ee pH ee horay loogu adeegsaday suugaanta15, 16. Laba weel oo dhalo waaweyn ah (20 × 20 × 8 cm, 1500 ml3, Simax, Bohemia Cristal, Selb, Germany) oo dabool leh ayaa loo doortay inay yihiin weelal ay dhammaan shaybaarrada la wada keydiyay. Daboolka ayaa la saaray kaliya markii shaybaarka loo beddelay saxaarad kale. Shaybaarada waxaa lagu kaydiyay heerkulka qolka (20 ° C ± 1 ° C) oo leh qiime pH joogto ah oo ku jira suxuunta dhalooyinka5, 8, 17. Qiimaha pH ee xalka ayaa lagu hubin jiray maalin walba mitirka pH (3510 pH Meter, Jenway, Bibby Scientific Ltd, Essex, UK). Maalin kasta oo labaad, xalka dhammaystiran ayaa la cusboonaysiiyay, taas oo ka hortagtay hoos u dhac ku yimaad qiimaha pH. Marka shaybaarrada laga bedelayo saxan kale, shaybaarka waxaa si taxaddar leh loogu nadiifiyey biyo la nadiifiyey ka dibna lagu qalajiyey diyaarad hawada si looga fogaado in la isku qaso xalalka. Kadib baaskiilka pH-ga ee 7-maalmood ah, shaybaarrada waxaa lagu keydiyay harooraha waxaana si toos ah loogu qiimeeyay mikroskoob. Falanqaynta indhaha ee daraasaddan mikroscope-ka dhijitaalka ah ee VHX-1000 oo leh kamarad VHX-1100, sadax-guureedka guurguura S50 oo leh VHZ-100 optics, softiweerka cabbirka VHX-H3M iyo xallinta sare ee 17-inji LCD (Keyence GmbH, Neu- Isenburg, Germany) ayaa la adeegsaday. Laba goobood oo imtixaan oo leh 16 goobood oo shaqsi ah ayaa mid walba lagu qeexi karaa ilig kasta, mar la qaddariyo oo la adeegsado saldhigga qaybta. Natiijo ahaan, wadar ahaan 32 beero halkii ilig iyo 320 beero halkii shey ayaa lagu qeexay taxanaha imtixaanka. Si wax looga qabto ku -habboonaanta caafimaad ee muhiimka ah ee maalinlaha ah iyo habka qiimaynta muuqaalka ah ee shaabadlayaasha indhaha qaawan, goob kasta oo gaar ah waxaa lagu arkay mikroskoob -ka dhijitaalka ah oo leh 1000 × weyneyn, muuqaal ahaan la qiimeeyay oo loo qoondeeyay doorsoomaha imtixaanka. Doorsoomayaasha imtixaanku waxay ahaayeen 0: maado = beerta la baaray ayaa si buuxda loogu daboolay alaab wax lagu shaabadeeyo, 1: Sealant cillad leh = beerta la baaray waxay muujinaysaa in wax walba lumiyeen ama si weyn hoos loogu dhigay hal dhibic, halkaas oo dusha ilkaha ka muuqato, laakiin leh lakabka hadhay ee shaabadaysan, 2: Luminta alaabta = goobta la baadhay waxay muujinaysaa khasaar qalab oo dhammaystiran, dusha ilkaha ayaa soo baxay ama *: lama qiimayn karo = goobta la baaray si fiican looma matali karo ama shaabadeeyaha si fiican looma adeegsan, markaa tan beerta ayaa ku fashilantay taxanaha imtixaanka.